Bus 189 from Brent Cross towards Oxford Circus, London.

April 11th 2009, 3:30 a.m.

Sitting with my wife at the bus upper deck, front left seats. A while after Carlton Vale station, a British-accent old long-white-haired man sat behind me, and started murmuring with words. At the first while, my wife whispered at me that the man sitting behind us is "talking to himself". Actually after some time, both of us noticed that he was speaking to us:

What are you Muslim scam bags doing in this Christian country?
Beggars…free food…free accommodation…
Beggars….shit…scam bags…
You're fucking dead nigger…
You're fucking dead…
Islam is the world's scam…
Church Street beggars…
Coming from your country to sit in front of me…
Muslim scam bags…fucking beggars….
Go back to your fucking country…

Quietly, we descended to the lower deck, and reported the incident to the driver. While the driver was asking me about where the man was sitting, I saw the old man leaving the bus, anxiously…

The reason why I'm sharing this story with the public is to address the danger of having such dangerous –minded people wandering in the streets, and not to leave the incident unreported. The old man seemed to be homeless; wearing dirty jeans, with long untidy hair, drunk, and carrying a hand bag. He might have been a madman, or suffering from a psychological disorder, however, he threatened me personally. At least, those people should be policed…

A.
12.04.2009

Introduction and the book includes nine chapters and conclusion, and a word of thanks, the page three hundred and sixty-eight pages, and the importance of the book lies not only in the fact that the author is the head of the United States. And that some or many of the ideas contained in this book will be applied in one form or another and in different proportions, and these ideas contradict most of the policies of Bush and his conservative ideological and the Evangelical Alliance and the new, although we will not exaggerate the hopes and expectations will impart with Obama after he entered the White House State of America is administered by institutions and lobbies for the control of the multiple economic, and religious press, but we certainly expect a difference in style and approach, and serious attempts to rehabilitate the image of America and alleviate the situation of escalating hostility toward America among many peoples, not only in the world of the developing South, but in the world of the North especially from Europe and Russia through the advocacy of the ideals upon which America and the respect for international law and the charters of the United Nations and human rights, environmental protection and the application of real democracy and democracy is not 99.99%.
It must be pointed out that the book of books that get the fat designation is intense ideas and should be read carefully and it reflects the depth of thinking and a culture of accuracy and excellent views of the domestic and foreign policy is not surprising that self way amid the sweat of their brows maintained and sponsored by the family of the form of hardworking mother and grandmother, a graduate of the Faculty of Law at Columbia University and studied constitutional law at the University of Chicago as well as the early work in the field of civil rights and of the Council of the mandate of Alnioi then a member of the Senate in Washington.
And records of Obama in this book daring and frankness in criticism of American policy mistakes since the inception of the United States, especially the question of slavery, American Indians, racial discrimination and to Latin America as well as his criticism of this policy after the two first and the second is not only wrong, but the impact of proposed solutions and the further advantage of this record.
I think that reading this book not only for the task of politicians in the Arab world, whether they are in power or opposition in the parliament or the government but also to all the media and the intellectuals and opinion leaders in civil society organizations in order to know the direction of U.S. foreign policy in the era of his presidency, focusing primarily in the Chapter VIII (the world beyond our borders) in order to benefit from his experience in the field of politics and in its dealings with its citizens and voters and opponents alike, which runs more or less the policy of the world.
This is a simple attempt to summarize the eighth chapter, which concerns us only
Chapter VIII: the world beyond our borders
This chapter is one of the most important chapters of the non-American readers because it relates to foreign policy of interest to all the world thanks to the throne of America expressed the strongest military in the world economically and scientifically.
This chapter begins by talking about his childhood in Indonesia when he arrived with the husband of his mother and the age of six years, where he remained for about four years left for Hawaii, where his grandfather and grandmother lived to his mother, and then visited Indonesia four times. He criticizes the record of America in this country and its cooperation with the Suharto and condoned the violation of human rights despite the fact that this policy changed after the end of the Cold War.
Turning then growing jihadist fundamentalist Islam in Indonesia and has become a secular decline (one of the largest Islamic parties and political blocs, many of which call for the application of law).
He also pointed out that the Middle East funded mosques and religious schools in the IAF and that many women have committed themselves to the Islamic dress code that prevails in North Africa and the Gulf, which sheds light on the Islamic group which is chaired by Bashir, which he accuses of links with al-Qaeda and he concludes from this country under such variables as (become the land of strangers).
Then, after dealing with the history of foreign policy, which began the era of isolation and expansion to the west and south-west and the blatant interference in the new world and then in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean and the war entered its first, second, whether the refusal to ratify the membership of the United States of the League of Nations against the principles of age and supporters have justified isolation that (encroachment on the sovereignty of America and the restriction of the senseless America's ability to impose its will on the world),

however, that all changed after Pearl Harbor. When the war ended and the Cold War emerged, despite the success of America to avoid nuclear war during the (26) years and to reach a successful conclusion of the cold war and an era of unprecedented economic growth, but foreign policy remained a neglected area of human rights and support of corrupt dictatorships and coups against elected leaders but to policy makers American policy looked at the problems of the world from the perspective of a diplomat, not a result of cooperation between the Pentagon and the Iron Triangle, the military-industrial complex and members of Congress who are in their arms companies.
It also points out that foreign policy has been opposed, and find it even though the policy Nikson and Kissinger's policy in terms of skill, Carter focused on human rights, in sympathy with the policy of the Reagan "Star Wars" and the motive of some aspects of the Reagan vision of the world as it indicates that Bush's father in terms of realism and traditional Despite the successes, however, fell Foreign result (focus the attention of American public opinion on the economic situation of procedure) 296. While Clinton has focused more on trade from the tank and to protect intellectual property rights to protect the lives of more Americans.
Although the events of 11 September led to the heart of things upside down and increased the authority of President Bush and the sympathy of the international community with the United States, however, that the process of eliminating the Taliban in Afghanistan have been unsuccessful. It calls for the formulation of foreign policy success of the atheist and the twentieth century not only by military force against terrorism, but (to adopt an international meeting on the new transnational threats to the borders of States)
to guide the policy of the use of military force and expresses its ideals. In this connection describes the US-led invasion of Iraq that it (the invasion of senseless and reckless recklessly violated the sovereignty of an Islamic country) and the stimulation of the insurgency has adopted a broad sense of the religious and national dignity and increased anti-American.
And cooperation with the international community considers it necessary, however, then he (if we have to do the job alone, the American people would be willing to pay any price).
It also rejects the methods of Bush to impose democracy with guns and support across the parties supported by Washington, and calls for attention to generate chaos, failed because the chaos and calls for activating the work of the United Nations and the chapter concludes by talking about the Arab-Israeli conflict, which had visited the zone of conflict in the Holy Land and reached ( absurd to believe that a solution to this conflict in the current generation and the ability of America, despite its overwhelming to determine the course of events in the world).

Arab-Israeli conflict is one of the most protracted conflicts historic - now more than fifty years of continuous - defined by the contemporary world and, of course, their roots and sources of conflict to the late nineteenth century and until the Israel entity in Palestine in 1948. And characterized the Arab-Israeli conflict from other conflicts that covers various aspects of strategic, political, military, economic, cultural and other, as well as the extensive use by the Zionist creed of the myths and allegations of religious institution to interpretation dpi and fabrication of the facts of the religious Torah and the Talmud and other religious interpretations by mixing distorted by project leaders Israel ideology of secularism with the belief of this project and the main argument.

Extremism in the Israeli concepts
Another unique part of Israel within the framework of this conflict by adopting a unique and peculiar notions of national security requirements and maintain the presence and safety entity of Israel, noting that all the actions of Israel's internal and external economic and political security requirements are subject to options where stem Israel political and other permanent Israeli security requirements Which is now the supreme value among the various values of Israeli major and growing anomaly that perception especially with the post-cold war world, the Horn of atheist century, which occupied the place where economic geography or geopolitics
Moreover, Israel was almost the only country in the world that insists on the complete restructuring of the main regional and sub-regional systems surrounding it, it asserts that there is an absolute necessity for the bombing and the removal of the Arab regional order but also to fragment the Arab national social entity Not only that but also fragment the fabric National Social each Arab country separately.
We have to notes that all political settlements that have been so far between Israel on one hand and each of Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority considers adjustments along the tense and contains within it the sources of tension for the return of the conflict over private sources of permanent and comprehensive settlement and stable.
Reveal recent developments in concepts and policy development, especially sustainable development and human resource development for the escalation of the economic gap between Arabs and Israel for years, this addition to that investment in development, technology and spending on scientific research witnessing a marked decline in the Arab side by development policies that were adopted to export Raw material consumption and the development of recreation and a lack of interest by diversifying the economy and make it more complex ones, along with the majority of Arab countries still rely mainly on external resources, namely, does not depend on the capacities of local and national resources but affected the conditions of the international environment such as oil exports and tourism, expatriate remittances and foreign aid The foreign loans and sea lanes, such as the Suez Canal, one example of the negative consequences of these policies is the relative stability or decline in GDP growth rates or absolute figures for this product,

Development rates in Israel and the Arab States

It is well known that the human development index comprises mainly on three key indicators are:
1. The rate of literacy.
2. Average per capita gross domestic product.
3. Life expectancy at birth.
Besides education and health services, potable water and sanitation.
In terms of human development ladder, we find the following

• Egypt is ranked 124 in the world which is classified among the countries of low growth or lower States average growth, average per capita GDP in 1290 dollars and Egypt is ranked 127 in the world.
• Israel ranked 36 in the measurement of human development and per capita GDP of approximately $ 16 thousand and is ranked 32 in the world in this regard.
• Jordan is ranked 100 in development all over the world and a per capita of $ 1520 and is ranked 120.

The project focused before the establishment of the Israel and then continued on strategic planning, which provides forecasts and alternative poses a national priorities and preferences, while Arab and distinguished performance with a few exceptions in the fifties and sixties deal practical and pragmatic with seasonal and situational developments and events of the conflict with Israel, while devoted many institutions and communities Research in various areas of nuclear, military, security, economic and demographic in dealing with conflict management, dealing still confined to the Arab administration official bureaucracy,
which includes government institutions and ministries of foreign affairs, defense and intelligence departments and only rarely Arab governments to adopt strategic planning centers of public and private, Israel has completed the beginning of the year 1990 plan is the first of its kind since its inception, entitled "Israel in 2020" lasted six years, where he focused research team Institute of Engineering and Applied Haifa comprises about 250 specialists and crews from ten ministries, and resulted in work on the development of 18 volumes trying to cover all aspects of the Israeli internal and external.

With regard to the Israeli plan to overcome the significant population growth among the Arabs of 1948 in light of declining birth rates among Israeli Jews there attract immigrants from the former Soviet Union states at a million immigrants in the coming years after it managed to attract another million years 1990 and 2000, there also modify the balance of population For the benefit of Jews through the expansion of settlement and within the so-called Green Line, which showed the availability of a high level of awareness of the strategic nature of the conflict with Israel as the conflict extends to a comprehensive and demographic aspects of water and related land and the economy as well as confrontation and military intelligence, has developed a working group chaired by Minister of Infrastructure radical (Lieberman), which advocates the expulsion of Palestinians to Jordan voluntarily or mansion, known as the plan entitled "Israel in 2000" That was late in 1996 and included a plan of action for three axes:


1 - Adding new areas of the so-called "development towns".
2 - Provide incentives for those who go for construction and housing in these towns.
3 - The link between the settlements in the West Bank while expanding the Green Line to be annexed to Jerusalem large areas of the West Bank and this is what was in the era of Sharon's government in parallel with the accelerated construction of the dividing line between Arabs and Israelis of Arab Jerusalem and along the Green Belt.
In the military aspects clear perception of higher-Israeli strategic plan recently called "the fabric of 2000" which are based on constant readiness for war option and the plan focuses on the following rules:
• The existence of so-called deterrence based on the image of Israel as a nuclear superpower in the eyes of the Arab region.
• Effective defense: a plan fence to protect Israel from the land surface.
• Defense negative: prevention and civil defense.
• Warning and strategic information.
• offensive capabilities and to acquire F-15 aircraft and the development of the control and surveillance of the distance, while most of the Arab parties embraced the so-called peace as a strategic option, did not develop the potential outbreak of the war and how to deal with situations of tension and instability, as the case since the outbreak of the second intifada, 2000 till now.
However, the intifada of regulatory capacities popular armament even a simple addition to grass-roots efforts and extensive face normalization with Israel and raise the slogan of boycotting American goods and products can provide a concrete and reasonable level which can be called deterrence popular help provide an environment of threat to Israeli security.

Men and women are the construction of the world, and many conferences and seminars held not only the Arab region but throughout the world for all topics and international disputes, however, how the dialogue between men and women of most of those who have read my article on the strange creatures women believed that me, is the common enemy of women.
And they are not able to understand that the dialogue between me and women non-existent due to lack of mutual trust between us on any subject, even in the salute bumptious I always tell them, and I am rude in dealing with women, but did not ask me I do this thing?
Same time my friends knowing very well that I always try to not hurt anyone or by disposal of the word possible harms.
And with all of that I'm always accused that I'm the common enemy of women.

I tired because I'm always asked why you single till now? and I have to explain my point that I need to be convinced to dialogue because we are in a time you have agreed with me or you do not agree we don't have LOVE and the LOVE Might be found in the Life museum.
And for your knowledge that I am a human being I loved and I was missing this Love

But I was puzzled by the fact that they - men and women - especially in our society, they were convinced that the idea of the cold war or the idea of war, mainly without the need to call for a dialogue among themselves

Never did find it odd while I'm reading in a book (men from Mars and women from Venus), written by Dr. John Gray, a world expert in the field of communication and relations, did not find it odd to speak of men and women as if they had their two different planets, from, in fact the differences and also differences of men and women demonstrate daily and eternal truth theory.
The book, which sold more than forty million copies worldwide and been met with a positive and explained that women have a particular way to communicate in the way of thinking and emotions and feelings and needs in the reactions in the selection of words and sentences
this way completely different than the same way the Men thinking on it.
But he was able to convey an attractive way for us as reader by information and facts of psychology and sociology romantic manner and method of literary interesting even imagine and we really believe that men and women are from two different planets,
Speaking different languages and need each to the various food and nutrition are different.

Dr. Gray has crafted a literary and in romantic way to imagine the planet Mars and Venus.
Mars, all the population are men,
While the Venus all its population are women.
Through binoculars the Mars population found the beauty of Venus and then they take them space ships and headed a trip to the planet Venus.
Here, the author brings us to live the story of a romantic fantasy.

The people of mars loved the people of Venus a magic love and enjoy all that live in the details of this relationship, and then decided to travel to the Earth, unless the event into account.
In the morning he woke up one day, all unconscious memory and thus have forgotten each others and every one of Earth's population forgotten that he is from a different planet.

The aim of the book, of course, not sure of the difficulty of communication between men and women, but to recognize the imperative need for a common language for dialogue.
While much talk in recent years on the dialogue of civilizations and dialogue with others, organized conferences and seminars and wrote articles that emphasize the importance of Dialogue.
Under the theme of dialogue between spouses or between the world of men and women, despite a marginal significance and seriousness of life in spite of the most important social institution, a smaller the institution of marriage and thus the health of society as a whole.

Although the dialogue between men and women has not lived up to the first level of literacy courses, Illiteracy marriage, Vocabulary and understand the language of the others.

but we did not notice the movement in the Arab world in this area .
We Did not notice the fear that the collapse of the seriousness of the institution of marriage or fail due to lack of proficiency in languages of the parties and not because of their usefulness as some think that the majority believes imagine believes in the futility of this institution and the logical result will inevitably be a negative image unhealthy (increasing the rate of spinsterhood among young people and the increasing divorce rate, and a growing proportion of children orphans, despite the presence of the parents). Consequently, social and mental illness at all levels.

Bombs, rockets and artillery shells .. Against whom??
Against unarmed civilians
Against large and small to kill them and kill the rest scared frightened
The move, sheltering from the fire and Charybdis
Every place of the bombing of the exhibition
The bombing led to the elimination of the day, entire families
Today the massacres that has no precedent in modern history
The Arab peoples have not only unable demonstrations
Demonstrations is the language of the people now
Hearts of the people burned the killings, the excessive and brutal,
To the moment of this writing 30% of the victims children under the age of ten
What Israel is doing at this time rooted in the Arab mind the idea of Israeli racism.
I am wondering now where the Peace Now movement and Israeli peace activists Or that now is the time for war and does not override the voice of the war, What is happening now in Gaza is a crime of genocide is a crime in order to kill the children of these atrocities.
If the war was directed to Hamas or the guilt of children and women
Israel , Enough of this barbarity,
Israel , Enough bloodshed,
I need Ehud Barak imagine, one of his sons in place of one of the young men who were martyred What would be his reaction?
What is happening in Gaza, ending the idea of psychological acceptance of the other in this case, the other is a cold-blooded killer of children and women
And will not be able to Arab intellectuals, or peace activists to speak anymore about peace and accepting the other
Is this what Israel wants??!!
from other side i am thinking about
What we must look to here??
To recall the Egyptian Ambassador from Tel Aviv,
life will not stop there, and that the moratorium on the export of gas will not lead Israel to its knees on her, "What is needed is not the knees, and stop the movement of life in the Tel Aviv, and we can not , in practice, to do so, but the whole objective is that they understand, and understand others in the world that we are able to do something, especially if this thing will be delivers us from this sense of helplessness!
The Sense of disability in this case is the inability to provide immediate alternative available, the most serious, and that the provision of this alternative, which is in our hand, this will raise us «sense» that haunts every citizen, everywhere in Cairo
BUT I will Never Ever be Disabile and I wil never ever me and all the Youth in Arab World feel the Disability
Raise us this sense of helplessness, even if the outcome is just a sense that we all did what we must do, regardless of the type of result to be achieved on the ground,
What is required is a mere waste of sense!
It is not true, that the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, they are in our hands to this point
And to the right, that Egypt had what you can do on the ground, if it were, from the recall of our ambassador from Tel Aviv, and the end of the Egyptian government's compliance with the rule of the judiciary, not to export gas to Israel.
thir is Somthing Missing , BUt Still I have Hope and never ever any one will sttop me dreaming in PEACE

Last week, during the visit of U.S. President George W. Bush to Iraq to sign security agreement by a reporter President Bush threw his shoes
First I am against this arrogance that the reaction of this despicable act against humanity of the U.S. President even if the treatment resulted in a series of resolutions critical of the disaster is not only the Arab nation and even around the world.
and her in the Arab region we don't know the Dissimilarity culture always we attributed each other Always at different points of view with the other other half being an agent OR a traitor.
In fact we find that against Islamic religious principles and which we are Proud everywhere

In any Difference the world must see that we civilized nation but unfortunately they see us a dying nation as a result of our actions And the simplest example of this is our actions in the street with each other or the actions of presidents and kings in the meetings of Arab Summit.

This incident became the talk of the town on all Arab street in every wher in cafes, homes and offices of officials who saw the Zaidi .. hero deserves the Medal of Honor in Libya, and the issue of journalists and lawyers associations and the movie calls for his release. But all this has not prevented us from Crushed, beaten and harm at the hands of the Iraqi police are here ... and see the difference!

the Arab nation Forget the current and future issues , the transformation of the inability to real confrontation of the problems and calamities to the kind of childish revenge, it becomes a hit on Balhmae Scruff or a substitute for prompt action that achieves victory or bringing humiliation and defeat

Most governors and presidents and politicians in democratic countries, approaching people and mingled with them. They are often the waves of anger, and we have to ask ourselfs Why did not any jornalist such as al-Zaidi did in the presence of Saddam Hussein is alive as example and not do after his execution in his photo and same time Let us recall what happened with President Sarkozy when brushed by one of the villagers to visit the agricultural show in France, to whom the offensive word. Reciprocate Sarkozy for the individual and ended up as reported by newspapers .. extraordinary event.

The inability to act, and for taking critical positions and take responsibility, but to chat and Joking and ridicule of ourselves and others, are the weapons of destruction that we have deterrence against those who disagree with them I think it was better if the Iraqi Jornalist asked about Bush's bold embarrassing for the overall crimes in Iraq and why Boukte finally admitted its war against Iraq based on false information The joy of the Arab peoples by Zaidi may take a some days.
But sadness of Iraq and the Arab nation will continue for decades and generations Because we humiliate ourselves And do not create our personality to the world And not think about the future or the future of generations will come However, we have established and our inability to deal with the problems that we have same time we harness from the developed world and we did not take any plan to the advancement and progress and we are working for talks, ridiculous and insulting humanitarian We must blame ourselves before blaming others and recognize that we are against President George W. Bush but not against the George W. Bush the human

Hello My Freinds,
let us start and say the Creative as a prerequisite to innovation ,The terms creativity and innovation are often used to mean the thing, but each has a unique connotation.
the real thing for tha is Alex Agenda Creativity - is “the ability to bring something new into existence. This definition emphasizes the “ability”, not the “activity”, of bringing something new into existence.
Innovation - is the process of doing new thing.
and when we see togther that in Alexandria more than 25 culture center may be more beside all the other culture events in this city I have a great friend most of us knew him Mr.Ahmed Essmat.
he creat& Innovate a new thing which is Alex Agenda he issue this Agenda each Month and collect all the culture events in ALexandria
as acadimic words we can say It is important to recognize that innovation implies action, not just conceiving new ideas. When people have passed through the illumination and verification stages of creativity, they may have become inventors, but they are not yet innovators.

and the difference between invention and innovation is:
Invention - is the creation of new products, processes, and technologies not previously known to exist.
Innovation - is the transformation of creative ideas into useful applications by combining resources in new or unusual ways to provide value to society for or improved products, technology, or services Alex Agenda is a real sample for that.
Elements in the Innovation Process
Analytical Planning - to identify: product design, market strategy, financial need
Organizing Resources - to obtain: materials, technology, human resources, capital
Implementation - to accomplish: organization, product design, manufacturing, services
Commercial Application - to provide: value to customers, reward of employees, revenues for investors, satisfaction for founders
Ahmed and All Alex Agenda teram You are a very Exellant Model for Entrepreneurship and all what
I need is just creat Indepandant website for Alex Agenda this Website will updated each month as
I think same time you can put it in all Information centers in EU Countries and I'm sure one day I will see Egypt Agenda as a Project created by Ahmed Essamt I'm sure may be you think about that.
Waiting for your comment my Friends

Star Wars: An Islamic perspective



The way "jedis" are taught to respect a greater power, fight for the defense of the
innocent and bring peace and justice to their society, is also what Islam teaches
all Muslims to strive for.



By Irfan Rydhan, June 17, 2005










Luke bin Anakin?
As most "Star Wars" fans know, director George Lucas took spiritual elements, which
are common in most major world religions to create his epic saga of good vs. evil.
As a Muslim, I always thought of the "Jedi" as what a true follower of Islam should
be like. Never mind the fact Jedi masters with their North African style cloaks and
scruffy beards look like Sufi Sheikhs, but they way they are taught to respect a
greater power, fight for the defense of the innocent and honor a code of morals and
ethics in order to bring about peace and justice to their society, is basically what
Islam teaches all Muslims to strive for. So what really is the connection between
these similar Islamic principles and the fictional "Jedi Order" of the Star Wars
saga?I decided to look into this question more deeply. What I came across from my
research off the internet and talking to other Muslim "Star Wars" fans was not only
surprising, but also a bit scary. For example it was reported in a National
Australian magazine that more than 70,000 Australians identified their religion as
Jedi, Jedi-Knight, or Jedi-related in the country's 2001 national census! Don't
these people realize that the "Jedi" are make-believe? There may be some truth in
fiction, but instead of looking for the truth, people get caught up with the
fiction. In this paper I hope to reveal where some of the truth of the "Jedi" and
"Star Wars" comes from: Islam.Back when "Episode I: The Phantom Menace" first came
out, "The Muslim Magazine" had some interesting pieces on the connections between
Islam and the content of the Star Wars films. One was an interview with Dhul-Nun
Owen who talks about how George Lucas had contacted members of the "Habibiyyah Sufi
Order" in Berkeley, CA in order to do research for "Star Wars." There was also a
piece by Mahmoud Shelton about how Sufi ideas of spiritual chivalry ("futuwwat")
have parallels in the Jedi teachings.Surfing the internet, I came across an
interesting article entitled "Eternal Jihad: The Way of the Mystic-Warrior" from a
Sufi website:"We are at the core a Movement of Jeddi; masters of Futuwwat ("the Way
of the mystic-warrior"). We encourage adherents to train both physically AND
spiritually, for their own personal edification and to enhance their knowledge and
abilities in the STRUGGLE. The Real does not lie alone in contemplation, prayer and
meditation; nor does it lie alone in action and revolution. Both of these are
notions of "one or the other" and Allah is not "one or the other." "Allah" literally
means "the One[ness] which manifests from Nothing." As we have stressed before, this
"Nothing" is not the "lack" of all, but rather, it is Nothing in the sense of
Totality of Being, which is symbolized by the numeral zero � this number itself
originated with Sufis. Allah is neither the positive alone, nor the negative. Allah
is the perfect balance between the two. The direct center of two polarities is
always zero, Pure Nothing, from which the Totality, the Tawhid (Unity), the Oneness
of ALL becomes manifest. For it is out of zero that all subsequent positive and
negative numbers reel. That is Allah."Notice the Arabic term "al-Jeddi" (master of
the mystic-warrior way) along with another Islamic term not mentioned, "Palawan"
(similar to Lucas' "Padwan" for Jedi apprentice) which were actual titles used by
Muslim Knights!The Force"The Force" is the common thread between all six movies and
is defined as an energy field, which binds all living things together (i.e. Allah,
God, a Supreme Being or Power that most religion's adherents worship, follow and/or
yearn to become a part of). According to Star Wars mythology, the Jedi "are a noble
order of protectors unified by their belief and observance of the Force." The "Jedi"
study and train under the apprentice-master relationship similar to how many
religious students study under a priest or religious scholar until they have learned
enough to teach and train the next generation of students.From a Muslim perspective,
the similarities between the Jedi and the Islamic traditions of instruction are
strikingly similar. For example a Muslim scholar usually trains under a Sheikh for a
number of years before they are given the right or permission ("Ijazah" in Arabic)
to teach others about Islam. "In Islamic Sufism Sheikhs will have "silsilas" that
list the chain of teachers going back to the Prophet Muhammad (S). A "silisia"
indicates a Sheikh's lineage of mystical learning from which he draws his spiritual
authority."Similarly in the "Jedi" tradition of Star Wars, each "Padwan"
(apprentice) is taught the same tradition and skills their Jedi masters were taught
by their previous masters. "Star Wars" fans know the lineage of Jedi instruction
starting from "Yoda" to "Count Dooku" to "Qui-Gon Jinn" to "Obi Wan Kenobi" to
"Anankin Skywalker."In the first Star Wars movie, "Episode IV: A New Hope," Luke
Skywalker, like his father, Anakin, live in the desert (The desert planet of
"Tatooine" was actually filmed near the real desert town of "Tataouine" in Tunisia).
From among this remote desert area with no roots of a civilized urban society, a
"Chosen One" (i.e. a Prophet) arises who brings a hope of peace and justice to their
society. Anakin is the "chosen one" in the latest Star Wars films, and Luke can be
considered the "chosen one" from the original Star Wars trilogy.Similarly, the
Prophet of Islam, lived in the desert where there was no true rule of law or justice
and people followed the tribal system of blood vengeance. Prophet Muhammad (S)
brought Islam to the Arabs, which completely changed their way of thinking and the
way they lived their lives. Instead of living for the present and for themselves, as
Muslims they live for the hereafter and are taught to take care of the poor,
orphans, those less fortunate than themselves and to fight for social justice and
well being for the whole community.Thus the Jedi too is taught to be selfless and
not selfish like the "Sith" (An ancient order of Force-practitioners devoted to the
dark side and determined to destroy the Jedi). Just as "Yoda" taught young "padwans"
not to give into fear and be tempted by the "Dark Side" (i.e. temptations of the
devil or "Shaytaan" in Arabic), Muslims are taught not to be attached to the "Dunya"
(life in this world) nor to fall prey to the diseases of the heart (jealousy, envy,
fear, hatred, etc.) as they lead to evil and sin.The Green OneThere is an
interesting connection between the Jedi master "Yoda" (a short, green skinned
creature first seen in "Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back") and Islamic traditions.
"Al-Khidr" means "the Green One" in Arabic. Qur'�nic commentators say that al-Khidr
is one of the prophets; others refer to him simply as an angel who functions as a
guide to those who seek God. And there are yet others who argue for his being a
perfect wali meaning the one whom God has taken as a friend.So in other words "Yoda"
(which means "Wise One" in Hebrew) is like an angel or spiritual mentor who guides
the young Jedi in the ways of the force and to be strong enough to resist the
temptations and evil inclinations of the Sith and other Dark Forces.In "Episode VI:
Return of the Jedi", the Emperor tries to influence Luke Skywalker to give into his
feelings of Anger and Hatred (As we all know Luke's father Anakin, did fall prey to
the Emperor's whispers and joined the Dark Side). Because the Jedi (as Muslim
warriors) are taught that one's intentions in battle must be pure and that it's
wrong to kill out of anger, even when is outwardly justified.'Ali (RA) the nephew of
the Prophet Muhammad (S), was faced with this situation at the Battle of the Ditch,
the noble Imam 'Ali had knocked an enemy soldier to the ground and was raising his
sword to kill him, when the unbeliever spat in the his face. Imam 'Ali at once stood
still and refrained from killing his enemy. Hardly able to believe his own eyes, the
unbeliever asked: "Why have you spared me, O gracious one?"To this, the noble 'Ali
replied: "Your property and your life have become sacrosanct to me. I am not
authorized to slay you. I can receive permission to kill only in holy combat, in
fighting commanded by Allah. Just a few moments ago, I had overcome you in battle,
knocked you to the ground and was on the point of slaying you. But when you spat in
my face, my selfish anger was aroused against you. If I had killed you, I would have
slain you not for Allah's sake but for my own selfish reason; they would then have
called me not a champion warrior, but a murderer. When you spat in my face, my
selfish passion threatened to overwhelm me, so instead of striking you with the
sword for my own sake I struck my passion for the sake of Allah, Exalted is He.
There you have the reason for your escape." The unbeliever was of course in awe by
Ali's noble character, and immediately accepted Islam and became
Muslim.Muh-Jedi-DeenThe Jedi could be considered "Holy Warriors" (or "Muhajideen" in
Arabic) as they fight for truth, justice and peace. They meditate (i.e. "Dhikr" �
remembrance of Allah) as much as they can, to become "one with the force", even in
the midst of battle. Just as in "Episode I: The Phantom Menace", the Jedi master,
Qui-Gon Jinn (The term "Jinn" in Islam is one of the forces of the "unseen") begins
to meditate in the middle of his battle with "Darth Maul", while he waits for a
force field to go down.Islamic History is filled with stories of Muslim Warriors who
also stop in the heat of the moment of battle to give their prayers to Allah.
Hussein (RA) the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (S) stopped to do his Asr (mid-day
prayers) at Karbala. There is even an account of 'Ali (RA), known as the "Sword of
Light" (light-saber?), who completed his "Salat" (Arabic for prayers) while he had
an arrow stuck in his leg or foot!The lack of fear for death exhibited by Jedi
Knights Obi Wan Kenobi, Yoda, Qui-Gon Jinn, Luke Skywalker (particularly in Episode
VI: "Return of the Jedi") resembles the Muslim warrior's creed that states that the
Muslim loves death more than the un-believer loves life.There is another saying in
Islam, which is "Life in this world is Paradise for the Un-believer and a Prison for
the Believer." Some reasoning behind this saying is that if one puts all their faith
in this world (the "Dunya"), then it is very easy to fall off the straight path and
be tempted by Satan (i.e. fall prey to the "Dark Side").This is shown very clearly
in "Episode III: Revenge of the Sith," which is all about the Chosen One's (Anakin)
fall into the dark side. Lucas, himself stated in an interview that the he chose the
final battle between Anakin and Obi-Wan to be on a planet with flowing molten lava
and fire, which represents the fires of Hell. The ultimate showdown between good and
evil.Anakin falls victim to the dark side because he loves power and the Dunya (as
he wanted to have the power to live forever and save his loved ones from death �
i.e. his wife from dying during childbirth). He has excessive anger and arrogance
(as he felt he was the most powerful Jedi and no other Jedi was better or stronger
than him) and distrust for those who are his righteous guides (as he felt Obi-Wan
was jealous of him and thought the Jedi Council was against him, which lead him to
follow other sinister forces for guidance). Lastly he had hatred in his heart (he
admitted to hating the "sand people")! Everything that Islam teaches the Muslim to
avoid!The Sand PeopleThe "sand people" or the "Tusken Raiders" could be considered a
metaphor of the Arabs and other people of the Middle East, since they live similarly
to nomadic Arabs in the desert. In "Episode II: Attack of the Clones", the Tusken
Raiders kidnap and torture Anakin's mother, Shimi, which eventually leads to her
death. Anakin then proceeds to kill all the "sand people" in vengeance, and as he
told "Padme," that he "killed all of them [sand people], including the women and
children." But this did not relieve him of his anger and hatred.I believe Lucas was
trying to make a point about the continuous spewing of hate and evil against the
Arab and Muslim people, specifically after September 11 th. Even though the
countries of Iraq and Afghanistan were bombed and destroyed relentlessly (it hasn't
stopped yet), as punishment for the attacks of September 11 th (without any proof or
legitimate legalities of course), many Americans still have a lot of hatred against
anyone that even looks like an Arab or Middle Eastern. Many innocent people,
specifically women and children, have been harassed, attacked and sometimes even
killed, because of this hate.This wasn't the only example of Lucas getting
political, since after Episode III debuted at the Cannes Film Festival, many
Europeans were saying that Anakin represents Bush and his Neo-Con cohorts currently
in power. One couldn't help but notice the very overt examples in the last and final
installment of the "Star Wars" series.An example that sticks in my mind is when the
Emperor was taking control of the Senate. Senate Palpatine (aka the Emperor) was
calling for war against the "separatists" (i.e. read as "insurgents", "terrorists",
etc.) and the Jedi, all the while the whole Senate erupted in agreement. Padme (aka
Queen Amadala) then says "..So this is how Liberty ends, with thunderous
applause"!Of course the most obvious example was when Anakin tells Obi-Wan before
their final duel, "Either you're with me, or against me", which is basically
straight out of Bush's mouth when he said "Either you're with us [i.e. America], or
you're with the terrorists" immediately after the attacks of September 11 th.Which
reminds me of a very funny take on the whole Bush Inspired U.S. "War on Terror"
transposed into "Star Wars" mythology I came across on the web. Here is an
excerpt:It's believed that Skywalker [Luke] was specifically trained by infamous
terrorist O bin Wankanobi. Wankanobi, occasionally called "Ben" and easily
recognized by his bearded visage and long, flowing robes, achieved near-martyr
status among the Rebels after his death last year during a spy mission. His more
fervent followers believe that Wankanobi lives on within them today, some even
claiming to hear his voice during times of duress.The attack on the Death Star came
shortly after the Empire's destruction of Alderstaan, a planet whose government was
known to harbor terrorists. Responding to criticism over the total annihilation of
the planet, [Darth] Vader stated, "There is no middle ground in the War on Terror.
Those who harbor terrorists are terrorists themselves. Alderaan was issued ample
warning. The fight for continuing Freedom is often burdened by terrible cost."In
other words, the Emperor, Darth Vader and the Empire are equivalent to Bush and
Company and Luke Skywalker, the Jedis and the Rebel Alliance are referred to as
"terrorists" (or "separatists", "insurgents", etc.).The Jedi ArtsOne of the most
popular aspects of the "Star Wars" films are the exciting light-saber duels and
swordsmanship (Lucas is an admitted fan of old Samurai films) and martial arts style
fighting (which of course originates from the East). As a former student of "Eskrima
Serrada" (Stick and Blade fighting developed by Muslims of the Philippines) myself,
I see a lot of similarities in the fast-moving and short-range fighting I studied
for about a year and a half, and the "invented" art of the Jedi masters.When Anakin
fights Count Dooku (Christopher Lee) at the beginning of the last "Star Wars" film,
at end of the fight, Anakin applies a disarm and cut that is a technique from
Eskrima to Count Dooku's arm. Going back into history, the technical differences
between the Japanese/Chinese arts and the Muslim arts of Southeast Asia regions of
Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia: The Muslim arts of "Pentjak Silat" and Eskrima
are based on paying attention to the Limb of the attacker and not an immediate
strike to the attacker's head or torso.Ray Park, who plays "Darth Maul" in "Episode
I: The Phantom Menace", studied Kung Fu (very similar to the empty hand techniques
of Serrada) and Wushu and frequently traveled to Malaysia (a Muslim country) to
refine and develop his skills.The spiritual basis of the Muslim arts of Southeast
Asia is very immense. This is the local Sufi expression of Islam, through martial
arts practice, rather than through poetry or music as otherwise done in India and
Turkey, etc. Traditional Indonesian/Malay folklore attributes initial design of
these arts to Muslim saints in the region of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines
in the 7th Century. The Silat system is attributed to nine main Wali or saints, also
called the Wali Songo in Indonesian language.Here another example of the Sufi and
Jedi connection. As Jedis study the force and train in the "Jedi Arts" under the
apprentice-master relationship, so do the Sufis."What I term the more Sufi exercises
include breathing exercises, means of meditative contemplation, and physical
exercises. This last activity is practiced within the Qadiri-Rifai Sufi order
through the Indonesian martial art of Pencak Silat Gerakan Suci. Here is a prime
example of the Order's growth. Extending beyond its originally Turkish character,
the Order has adopted a Muslim practice from a far corner of the Islamic world."From
my brief amount of research and study into the "Star Wars" saga, I found many
examples connecting the ideals and principles of Islam to that of the fictional Jedi
Order. Some of the similarities were clearly visible (as with the relations between
the Jedi master, apprentice and the Force to that of the Sufi Sheikhs, students and
worshipping of Allah), while others were a bit more hidden and surprising finds
(such as the term "Jeddi" and "Palawan" for Muslim knights and the story of
"al-Khidr" � the green spiritual guru which has an uncanny resemblance to the Jedi
Spiritual master "Yoda")!Even though Lucas himself is not a follower of any specific
religion, he has used elements of Islam (as well as other world religions) to convey
the universal understandings of good and evil. Combining that common thread of
humanity with a futuristic space-age setting and exciting martial arts
swordsmanship, came a creation that has inspired many, no matter their race,
religion or culture. There is something about the "Star Wars" saga that everyone can
relate to and enjoy. And I hope that those people who are searching for a "truth"
within the mythology of "Star Wars", will look a little deeper behind the fiction
and find Al-Islam: A true way of life which emphasizes peace, justice and
brotherhood for all humanity.

Irfan Rydhan is an architectural designer (and Star Wars fan). He lives in San Jose,
California.

Youth represent the balance of Egypt's great underlying participate effectively in achieving sustained development and move towards the future From this standpoint State seeks to provide opportunities for the energies of youth to participate in all development efforts, which believes that increasing youth participation in public life is a crucial element in the success All development programmes and to achieve this participation, we must empower young people socially.

And we mean empowering young people socially to have an efficient conscious youth activist in Egypt, is proud of his or her identity, and has the determination and commitment and a high degree of efficiency and capacity for participation and decision-making and have the capacity to participate effectively in society, and to involve young people in public life, Enter through direct dialogue with them and involve them in the formulation of programmes and policies that qualifies them to participate and flying abilities of, when young people participate in his opinion, feel that they contributed to the formulation of these programmes and policies, and that part of it, and therefore it is applied Convinced them. Youth empowerment and comprehensive process requiring the cooperation of all organs and institutions of the state and civil society. Thus stress the principle of partnership and cooperation between government and civil society in developing strategies for this empowerment.

From my perspective I think that the most important thing could be provided to these young people in the absence of skills, lack of employment opportunities, is to provide various exercises with a focus on the vital role of youth in the management of some of these exercises and training in starting from the principle of exchange of experience and respect for freedom Opinion and expression and the use of workshops, working groups, to focus on important life skills such as negotiating and decision-making skills and job search and interviewing skills and innovative thinking and programme management, can also work a campaign to promote a culture of volunteerism and the concept of self-employment The temporary work, and changing the outlook of the traditional work.

As we know that most attracts young people is a national project to bear on the light and contributes mainly in the renaissance of Egypt, asking them to participate actively in which both of thinking or application or implementation, and here comes the importance of youth involvement in literacy projects and the environment, Effective campaigns large afforestation and environmental protection enrolls a large number of young people who will work where all their energies, as well as large national project assigned to literacy. Here will be of mutual benefit between young people and state, and will increase the degree of affiliation with self-confidence and turn.

From:


Mar 19th 2008 | SAN FRANCISCO
From The Economist print edition

[Social networking will become a ubiquitous feature of online life. That does not mean it is a business
Illustration by David Simonds

A LARGE but long-in-the-tooth technology company hoping to become a bigger force in online advertising buys a small start-up in a sector that everybody agrees is the next big thing. A decade ago, this was Microsoft buying Hotmail—the firm that established web-based e-mail as a must-have service for internet users, and promised to drive up page views, and thus advertising inventory, on the software giant's websites. This month it was AOL, a struggling web portal that is part of Time Warner, an old-media giant, buying Bebo, a small but up-and-coming online social network, for $850m.

Both deals, in their respective decades, illustrate a great paradox of the internet in that the premise underlying them is precisely half right and half wrong. The correct half is that a next big thing—web-mail then, social networking now—can indeed quickly become something that consumers expect from their favourite web portal. The non sequitur is to assume that the new service will be a revenue-generating business in its own right.

Web-mail has certainly not become a business. Admittedly, Google, Microsoft, Yahoo!, AOL and other providers of web-mail accounts do place advertisements on their web-mail offerings, but this is small beer. They offer e-mail—and volumes of free archival storage unimaginable a decade ago—because the service, including its associated address book, calendar, and other features, is cheap to deliver and keeps consumers engaged with their brands and websites, making users more likely to visit affiliated pages where advertising is more effective.

Social networking appears to be similar in this regard. The big internet and media companies have bid up the implicit valuations of MySpace, Facebook and others. But that does not mean there is a working revenue model. Sergey Brin, Google's co-founder, recently admitted that Google's “social networking inventory as a whole” was proving problematic and that the “monetisation work we were doing there didn't pan out as well as we had hoped.” Google has a contractual agreement with News Corp to place advertisements on its network, MySpace, and also owns its own network, Orkut. Clearly, Google is not making money from either.

Facebook, now allied to Microsoft, has fared worse. Its grand attempt to redefine the advertising industry by pioneering a new approach to social marketing, called Beacon, failed completely. Facebook's idea was to inform a user's friends whenever he bought something at certain online retailers, by running a small announcement inside the friends' “news feeds”. In theory, this was to become a new recommendation economy, an algorithmic form of word of mouth. In practice, users rebelled and privacy watchdogs cried foul. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's founder, admitted in December that “we simply did a bad job with this release” and apologised.

So it is entirely conceivable that social networking, like web-mail, will never make oodles of money. That, however, in no way detracts from its enormous utility. Social networking has made explicit the connections between people, so that a thriving ecosystem of small programs can exploit this “social graph” to enable friends to interact via games, greetings, video clips and so on.
Coming up for air

But should users really have to visit a specific website to do this sort of thing? “We will look back to 2008 and think it archaic and quaint that we had to go to a destination like Facebook or LinkedIn to be social,” says Charlene Li at Forrester Research, a consultancy. Future social networks, she thinks, “will be like air. They will be anywhere and everywhere we need and want them to be.” No more logging on to Facebook just to see the “news feed” of updates from your friends; instead it will come straight to your e-mail inbox, RSS reader or instant messenger. No need to upload photos to Facebook to show them to friends, since those with privacy permissions in your electronic address book can automatically get them.

The problem with today's social networks is that they are often closed to the outside web. The big networks have decided to be “open” toward independent programmers, to encourage them to write fun new software for them. But they are reluctant to become equally open towards their users, because the networks' lofty valuations depend on maximising their page views—so they maintain a tight grip on their users' information, to ensure that they keep coming back. As a result, avid internet users often maintain separate accounts on several social networks, instant-messaging services, photo-sharing and blogging sites, and usually cannot even send simple messages from one to the other. They must invite the same friends to each service separately. It is a drag.

Historically, online media tend to start this way. The early services, such as CompuServe, Prodigy or AOL, began as “walled gardens” before they opened up to become websites. The early e-mail services could send messages only within their own walls (rather as Facebook's messaging does today). Instant-messaging, too, started closed, but is gradually opening up. In social networking, this evolution is just beginning. Parts of the industry are collaborating in a “data portability workgroup” to let people move their friend lists and other information around the web. Others are pushing OpenID, a plan to create a single, federated sign-on system that people can use across many sites.

The opening of social networks may now accelerate thanks to that older next big thing, web-mail. As a technology, mail has come to seem rather old-fashioned. But Google, Yahoo!, Microsoft and other firms are now discovering that they may already have the ideal infrastructure for social networking in the form of the address books, in-boxes and calendars of their users. “E-mail in the wider sense is the most important social network,” says David Ascher, who manages Thunderbird, a cutting-edge open-source e-mail application, for the Mozilla Foundation, which also oversees the popular Firefox web browser.

That is because the extended in-box contains invaluable and dynamically updated information about human connections. On Facebook, a social graph notoriously deteriorates after the initial thrill of finding old friends from school wears off. By contrast, an e-mail account has access to the entire address book and can infer information from the frequency and intensity of contact as it occurs. Joe gets e-mails from Jack and Jane, but opens only Jane's; Joe has Jane in his calendar tomorrow, and is instant-messaging with her right now; Joe tagged Jack “work only” in his address book. Perhaps Joe's party photos should be visible to Jane, but not Jack.

This kind of social intelligence can be applied across many services on the open web. Better yet, if there is no pressure to make a business out of it, it can remain intimate and discreet. Facebook has an economic incentive to publish ever more data about its users, says Mr Ascher, whereas Thunderbird, which is an open-source project, can let users minimise what they share. Social networking may end up being everywhere, and yet nowhere.]

Certainly the joy of the victory of his People's National Football Championship, Africa is the real joy of unquestionable and hypocrisy. Certainly also praise the Egyptians who took joy in the streets victory spherical whether in Egypt or in the diaspora, remained under pressure or the guardianship of one, did not ask one another: Are you Muslim or Copt, did not think to ask one another whether in your field of religion or of any neighborhood you, and whether you have a private car or riding public transportation? Everyone was pleased with the completion of the large calculated to his homeland, regardless of anything else.
The voluntary departure did not happen automatically when one authorization or permission from another party, unlike the case of collective joy, and across all pleased about belonging to the homeland, which made some great sons is proud achievement in the field of competition and Didnh tender and sincerity, Finally, those who win gives more science and expertise.
The achievement previous access to the same championship in the previous two years ago, has raised expectations of many at the time for the cause of belonging particularly among young people that went to support his team all the energy, as the national team is a symbol of a whole nation, and then left scores and groups to celebrate the victory, as did two days ago. astonishment and then some of us talk about the absence of affiliation between the younger generation and this case, at a time when many of them expressed their dissatisfaction about the state of their country and their desire to Fragaha migration of them, even if necessary adventurous life itself may be terminated at sea rough.
The situation of collective joy witnessed by Egypt now provide another answer to the situation of alienation felt by some within the homeland, answer simply says that individuals need to feel more permanent members of the community as a large, regardless of the natural differences existing between them, They always need to confirm fungal Association and the fateful them as one homeland, and the collective sense of pride resulting from the completion of the case is the entrance to strengthen the nation and the Commonwealth of citizenship, which is the entrance to revive the spirit of giving to everyone individually. however, that access to This situation in turn depends on the collective manner in which achieved overall achievement, which is where everyone has to share in it, which does not only come through genuine partnership and voluntary and protected by law, and that the completion of the right and not coincidence or adventure-calculated , or in other words, Walid planning and clarity of purpose and will power in the face liabilities nearby liabilities before long.
Certainly here that the overwhelming joy due to the general feeling that this well-deserved victory receivable and not a coincidence or luck passing. Walid is thought and planning and tired, effort and excellent performance and the will and determination to do everything possible his energy. Importantly, teamwork and spirit the team that some decay of some of the support and backing. little closer and these conditions frequently found in books development, and comparisons are usually held between progress and underdevelopment. Applicants know these principles and work at it by heart, but not retarded know nothing of them, and they treated each time and ignored another time, usually a longer, and therefore remain in failure and faltering brought while others achieve progress by one.
These meanings are not new in themselves, it is one of the assets belonging and superiority and the ticket is required, or indeed necessary to withdraw those sports positive experience to other fields of industry, agriculture, education, arts and culture to the bottom of the list of fields of life perverted by the United civilizations and promoted by .
Perhaps the lesson here is that achieving eloquent achievement in any field is not impossible if the elements and customary factors referred to above, combined with an iron will aspire to excellence and tender with the Department take into account the interests of the country before anything else. No doubt that many in Egypt of fields that need to be inspired by such a lesson, perhaps to achieve the required shift sought by all Egyptians. these meanings National League does not come through conferences or cultural events and political thought, as some of us and some of the latest coming from across the border each aim to deepen the differences between the sons of the homeland or the search for foreign pressure on the entire country or for the purpose of establishing priorities subsidiary and partial does not serve only category at the expense of another category.

Two burly, muscle-bound attendants carried the CAF Africa Cup of Nations trophy into Accra's Ohene Djan stadium on a traditional chair in which kings are usually hoisted in Ghana.

But the golden symbol of African footballing prowess is now winging its way back to the land of the Pharaohs after Egypt beat Cameroon 1-0 in Sunday's tense final.

It was as much as the defending champions deserved, putting on a consistent performance throughout the tournament and once again stamping their supremacy on the continent's football.

Two years ago they were victors for a record fifth time on home soil and needed a post-match penalty shootout to win. But the class of 2008 proved a far more polished outfit, starting the finals with a 4-2 rout of the Indomitable Lions and finishing off with a 1-0 victory over the same team in the decider.

Mohamed Aboutrika scored the only goal, profiting from the persistence of Mohamed Zidan. The Hamburg man had a virtual wrestling match with Cameroon captain Rigobert Song to supply a square pass that man-of-the-match Aboutrika calmly side footed home.

Zidan caught the ageing central defender off balance with his pace, effectively robbing him of the ball

The goal came 13 minutes from the end of a physically sapping battle, leaving both sides struggling with the heat and humidity in the Ghanaian capital.

Aboutrika has made a habit of netting winning goals. Two years ago he converted the decisive kick in the penalty shootout that saw Egypt edge out the Ivorians. He was also the scorer of the goal that won the 2006 CAF Champions League title for his club side Al Ahly.

"But scoring for your national team is a much better feeling. It is doing it for the whole country," he said afterwards.

On the balance of play Egypt had the better chances and it was only the talent of Cameroon goalkeeper Idriss Carlos Kameni that kept the score down to just a single goal.

The Espanyol net-minder made some fine stops to ensure the Indomitable Lions remained in the battle throughout a tense 90 minutes. His save to deny Emad Moteab in the 36th minute came at a vital juncture of game with less than ten minutes to go to the break.

Cameroon cling
After the interval, Kameni was also on hand to stop a powerful drive from Hosni Abd Rabou, whose performances over six matches earned him plaudits from all corners of the globe. He also hit the post with a diving header just after the hour mark.

Cameroon were finally galvanised after going down a goal and a jittery Egypt defence opened a window of opportunity in the last ten minutes of the contest. However, Essam Al Hadari made two saves and then Song went wide with his last-gasp header to make sure the title went Egypt's way.

As the gold tinsel paper blew into the Accra night sky, and the winning team engulfed Ghana's president John Kufuor to snatch at the trophy, so the abiding memory of this Cup of Nations will be one of Egyptian efficiency and overall class

Each time the race starts the American elections, raises the same reason Arab political questions about the quality .. Which is better judgement .. Democratic Party or Republican, whichever is more fortunate. Them and will support more or less to the interests of the region .. However, careful follow-up suggests that there is no radical differences between the positions of the two big in America but in the details. classical sense and the party no longer has value in relation to the roles of interest groups and voting blocs quality .. How? .
We have explained the American elections that took place in 2000 over the political life of America competition partisan sense customary as is the case in Europe, and restored American tradition existed until World War I support the central American presidency in the expression of America: interest groups .. president-elect is not considered a candidate for the party or advocate for his nationalism, but to the interests of the giant economic entities that are organized political groups with known interests.
The two major parties in the end, only two channels for the delivery of the candidate regardless of party affiliation to assume the presidency of the United States. Observers of the political ramifications of America over recent years can be observed for example how the majority enjoyed by the Democratic Party in Congress did not change the orientations of the American administration regarding their policies and that these external majority agreed to everything that had been asked of the special budgets American Security .. etc..
Observers also campaigns for the current candidates for the presidency of the two could not observe any differences and clear them .. supported the establishment of the State Judaism is democratic and republican .. (paging reduce taxes without reducing the budgets allocated for the security of America / also careful to control the sources of energy, but within the framework of a comprehensive strategy
No retreat from the war on terrorism, but should not be excessive announcement) .. and it is no longer the relationship between the citizen and the party in America knows the same relationship defined by Europe. each party reflects the rescue of a European gathering of social groups and specific economic terms depends on the arrival to power of the voices belonged to him and sympathizers ,
While the party includes American rescue groups and various social strata and the successful candidate does not depend primarily on the status of party members .. weight and realistic to support this party or that in America no members belonging to it, but groups and voting blocs, which seeks candidate voices with promises to achieve their interests.
Hence, we find a group of voters, in fact, are not partisan, but is composed of interest groups and the masses of quality, as these groups seek to influence politicians and policy .. and this makes presidential candidate interested in these groups and diverse voting blocs .. and help the electoral system American .. Since the Kennedy assassination (of the mandate of Massachusetts) Democratic 1963, did not succeed in any democratic candidate for the chair of the North .. Both Carter and Clinton from the southern states characterized by the predominance social trends and religious preservation (comprising bloc votes of up to 40 million votes). in this context is starting to crystallize specific voting blocs: the religious, color, ethnicity, or any geographic southern and northern , and link these blocks network of interests which put its supreme military industrial complex technological financial expressed by various interest groups (the arms industry, medicine, oil, etc. ..). above, can say that the Republican Party did not practice governing for the past eight years (2000 2008), although the official results say,
But the government is an alliance between the new-conservatives and the new religious right, a coalition that unlike radical shifts in ideological and political map of America, where conservatives across a group of new rich minority interests for America, and across the religious right itself shines as new votes religious nature. new conservatives has been able to resolve historic place of the traditional liberal trend to express their interests and the wealthy minority investment Altrliunet. also succeeded through intellectual discourse in the promotion of conservation values are maintained attract religious bloc voting base to become social although it includes a variety of social groups and the poor segments of the Central and rich However, the Association is gathered them religious, it does not matter that the new administration passed legislation containing tax exemptions for the benefit of the rich and increase the gap between them and the poor and accept the consequence that the spiritual and moral values contrary to justice and equal opportunity , but did not object poor because of this legislation and privileges enjoyed by the rich are under the cover of religion.
The foregoing that each party seeks through its candidates to flirt with the bloc voting, regardless of party affiliation, and study mission by Brookings Institution (2007) entitled American policies and religious division to the determinants of voting in America, True, they are focusing on the role of religion and religious voting bloc essentially, that the study explains the basic parameters at the outset to vote and how intersects religion, race and jurisdiction in the electoral process at the expense of political choice. recent studies also reveal the neutralization and blockade, which carried out the possibility crystallized political trends and ideological affiliation beyond qualitative.
It is now in the collections is that the minority of the rich do not need for its own benefit but for the masses of votes committed to ensure the success of candidates such as religious voting bloc that could provide nearly 25% of the total voting unit and one non-fragmented, bearing in mind that participants in the electoral process no more 50% in the elections, which are grassroots elections and the electoral college can be controlled as in the case of the election of President Bush (2000) when it lost the elections grass-roots (obtained less than 48% ), and succeeded in obtaining 271 votes of the electoral college votes of the total 538.
Sum should understand the phenomenon of America from the inside and discover how to deal not only with the parties but with interest groups and voting blocs and thus visions and plans if we want to influence, and Mahidin support of the political process. Especially as this type of democracy seems to be required to prevail in many areas: democratic process take place between the minority rich and the masses of the votes, but few Organization and committed, and the majority of political absent .. which turned a long-standing democracies (German andJapanees).

Since the dawn of history, the first concern of the human person is searching for the best means to satisfy the material and moral needs, including the need to meet others Cgrisah basic composition of a society structured cooperation among individuals and groups, which was expressed by Abu philosophers Plato saying that the human animal civilian nature, as was intended Madani word that the city is the ideal format for the organization of human society and achieve happiness.
But this ideal has not achieved in reality, where the increase in the number and complexity of human societies with limited resources to conflicts and wars that had threatened annihilation that everyone did not find a way to settle differences and the division of resources is acceptable to all and reconcile them. This was behind the emergence of the need for law and order as well as the need to power capable of imposing its then on everyone to avoid the dangers of chaos and destruction. The need for security and peace is the mother of invention, which created a power capable of organizing humanitarian group, and since then the story of man's struggle in search for the best way to regulate social relations and the ideal figure of authority, which guarantees the achievement of good and happiness and virtue.
The family is the nucleus of society structured in a simple primitive stages of life, where an atmosphere of cooperation and instinctive belong to the individual on the basis of the Association of blood link uterus and kinship. And determine which course of the year as it is described by the son or father or spouse, and then expanded family, joined by families of new bonds intermarriage, the tribe formed then the clan, which includes the Group tribes. And the Senate has the power and elderly older. But the Association of blood is no longer the sole basis of affiliation in the community, which emerged broader links: religious, sectarian or denominational. Thus, the humanitarian community is divided on the basis of a natural, in the hands of the individual is selected finds itself belongs to the family, clan and tribe by virtue of a certain birthday.
With the increasing complexity of societies and numbers are no longer the natural communities enjoy stability and security. It appeared individuals reversal of their own and seek to achieve them, even at the expense of others. No longer customary norms and moral principles capable of resolving conflicts between them, and appeared the urgent need to establish laws in the form of written texts and the need to assume authority and the obligation imposed by everybody.
In medieval religious authority played a role, was the church in Europe is the power broker in imposing law and order, but what broadcast claimed that they possess the sacred authority derived from the will of God. And persisted in the practice of oppression and repression against freedom, which plunged the European Community in the darkness of underdevelopment and stagnation throughout the Middle Ages at the same time lived by the Islamic civilization and Arab brighter covenants and the first known pictures of the modern sense as institutions with a clear and specific functions.
With the dawn of the seventeenth century, Europe entered an era of enlightenment known Renaissance era, where he started the transition from a feudal agricultural industry. And the associated industrial revolution and the invention of the machine movement population migration from the countryside to cities and transmission group home or workshop to the big factory, which includes large numbers of workers, now there are two classes, one working with the other capital and have begun clear conflict between the interests of workers and factory owners.
Also linked to the economic situation of this new emergence of the right of private property, which pay each of the individuals on the formation of trade unions and organizations to defend their rights and interests of private and common. These links are given loyalty and affiliation of a large number of individuals regardless of whether there are differences among them in the normal links Kalaqrabh, religion, sex, color and the community ... .. etc..
And the imposition of the same question again: What is the relationship between the groups mouthpiece of the special interests of its members and the state mouthpiece of the general interest of society as a whole? Is there room for compromise between the two meet? Here, the civil society as a link between the two areas.
Civil society is one of the forms of organization of communities so that the cooperation between individuals and groups in the areas of economic, social and cultural purpose of protecting the rights and interests of diverse groups and reconciling them, ensuring a higher degree of equality among them. It depends on independent means free from government interference and control on the basis of mutual respect and the balance between private interests and the general interest of society as a whole.
The phenomenon associated with civil society in the origins and evolution in the later stages of the era of enlightenment on the struggle of peoples for the sake of democracy, freedom and equality. It also expressed the best way to remedy the apparent contradiction between the need for freedom and rights to the need for security and order. Power embodied in the State docked in history Exercise colors of tyranny and oppression, injustice and infringement on the rights of peoples pretext of protecting society from chaos and war and the rule of kings caused covenants tyrants in Europe in a popular revolutions called for democracy and respect for human rights.
Here, there is a need to establish organizations and groupings to defend those rights in the face of dictators to restore balance, which has already been imbalance between liberty and order. The associations in those organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions, which are separate entities picture from the State. Without independence as able to reduce the domination and tyranny of government power and stop an attack on the rights of individuals and groups.
Thus, there has been evolution in the meaning of civil society as a means of the organization aimed at preserving the interests of only a means of protection of rights and freedoms in the face of the state.
But does that mean civil society in conflict with a permanent state?
Indeed, this is not true, civil society runs only with the non-authoritarian democracy. But the state is not necessarily seeking to restrict freedoms or suppressed permanently, but came originally invented as a way to preserve the rights of society and achieving the entity system. Therefore, it has addressed the positive role of an effort to improve society, such as development of economic and protect cultural identity and cultural rights.
These general objectives looks forward to any people, individuals may accept some sacrifice their own interests in the process. But to reach this acceptance community needs to engage in a dialogue in which the exchange of views different categories leading to a compromise. How is this dialogue? Here comes the role of civil society institutions that provide intermediary channels through which dialogue organized in peace without any party feels Bhajth to resort to violence.
Now, can we identify those multiple meanings carried by the word civil society? It can be said that civil society is based on social Association individual choice involving individuals voluntarily without force and applying existing regulations apply to join the membership of their own free will that make them abide by its principles and contribute actively in its activities. Association and the existence of this social community as a whole to achieve greater stability and peace and security,
It also ensures limits to restrict the authority of the state and prevent it from tyranny.
This form of social organization consisting of a diverse group of religious, educational, professional, political, cultural, unions and trade unions and professional organizations, as well as charities and political parties ... etc.,
which is dominated by the values and principles of tolerance and acceptance of others, peaceful dialogue and respect for individual freedom and privacy. These are bodies and institutions to exercise the role of Sergeant government about the actions of individuals, groups and then hold them to her question.
Add to this, that civil society is that of an independent movement of up to the citizens enjoy freedom in which to organize their lives away from state control or control, and that includes independent organizations open to the citizens to join with the aim of serving the interest or issue or the expression of opinion through peaceful means based joint to respect the right of individuals and other groups to do the same thing. Valtases based on freedom, independence, voluntary choice of the individual, activity based on volunteerism and public action and the goals are the interests or issues or rights of common and peaceful means. The organization is reflecting the community achieve a higher degree of sophistication that is no longer a minor under the affiliation ties preliminary inherited not entered into a human choice, but it Akdarh imposed by birth.
He became affiliation reflects the Association optional giving individual voluntarily own free will, which means that social life has shifted from the question of fatalism surrendered to the individual does not have to change to the resolution and choice. This is the human right to self-determination.
The decision to join the membership of groups beginning a journey, not an end, as much involved in all the affairs of society. And become a strong individual is a member of the group because it has become a greater capacity to influence the goings on around him, when he became a partner in decision-making both at the Community level and at the level of society as a whole after his eligibility government accountability and liability.
As we have stated before about the relationship of civil society in democracy, the democracy of any society depends on the existence of a civil society sense question. It sincere measure of the fact that democracy and civil society a guarantee payment of the government's response to it by individuals and groups to express their demands and wishes to achieve a better quality of life.
But for that to happen there must first be positive citizen has the attention of public affairs and the willingness to exercise independent public action.
But that should not lead us on this civil society which emphasizes independence, freedom and protection of rights to the belief paradox session with the role of government. Like true that the phenomenon is not only aimed at regulating social relations and political, and thus participate in the basic purpose, and develop rules governing the conduct of individuals and groups so as to reconcile them despite the conflicting demands and interests through peaceful means to express them, and then assembled and put it in the form of alternatives to the ruling authority for the highest degree of balance between rights and duties, including an entity that preserves the community as a whole. Units of civil society not only mediates communication tools relationship different groups together as a centre of government convicted.

It would be unwise to ignore the warnings of social research on the status of "political vacuum" and the absence of "political culture" with the Egyptian youth culture that this is the first line of defense to protect young people from extremism and moral deviation is negative and the loss of loyalty and are therefore one

The youth of this generation suffers from confusion and disorientation and loss of direction to the extent the loss of hope in many cases. The only solution has to emerge youth of this situation is to establish bridges of convergence between successive generations and currents, political forces, and schools of thought to diversity .. If this happens would it have strong penetration temptation of feel lost and professional use, and most of them in conditions index and apostasy

Start a study on youth about caring for the public and demonstrate that low turnout in the elections to less than 25% of the total listed in the schedules of the elections and more than half of young people enrolled. This is a warning of the continued shortcomings in the political education of young people, including political education and training on the rights and duties of citizenship and deepen the sense of loyalty and belonging and instill a sense of social responsibility and the willingness of the public service and sacrifice for the homeland. The studies reveal asserts a political vacuum and lack of direction for a national cause and also indicates the presence of a vacuum religious culture and the weakness of the religious right to a significant proportion of young people and the fertile soil of political and religious extremism.
The first reason for this situation is the retreat of the role of socialization and political organs, especially youth care, information and education, thus opening the way to influence young comrades than by these devices, which became effective.
The second reason is the absence of dialogue and free interaction between adults and young people and not listen to each other and the only method used by adults is memorization and talk to young people from the top and treated as if they were minors and guilty.
The third reason is that the school and the university did not have a role in education is no longer the two programmes to train our children on democracy and interaction with the issues of society. There is no need to repeat the talk on the results of education administered by the minds of young people transformed into machines for conservation and retrieval and disrupted the queen of thought and creativity. If students do not participate in school decision-making, how they can participate later in decisions concerning general issues?
As long as the political system has chosen based on the multiplicity of parties and the general elections will be effective for this system without the preparation and training of new generations to be better and more capable than the current generation and this is the meaning to move forward and be the best every generation who preceded him

History does not know where the students played a leading role, just as happened in Egypt, a fact that is confirmed by Egypt's history, but this contemporary role in the recent decline is clearly becoming one of the universities to renew elite institutions suffer from inflation rises at the expense of the educational function and the methods of dealing with youth mobilization and participation formalities. The young generation is being prepared in a way that does not help to create awareness and the ability to work year in the right direction.
Our problem whenever we talked about the need for civic education and political youth some think that this invitation to re Youth Organization, which was affiliated to the Socialist Union in the sixties and this is not true because the time is different and it fit in a world that does not fit in the sixties of the twentieth century atheist and do not return to the young as the old currencies But indispensable for the upbringing of youth culture as do political liberalism States representing Kidwa political pluralism in the course taking into account the circumstances and our privacy.